CCA and Deferred Tax
by Judy
(Canada)
How to Amortize Assets / Reconcile Statements When CCA Cannot be Claimed Due to Net Loss
For many years our family-business company's assets have been amortized on a declining balance based upon CCA tax rates for income tax purposes. We have always had sufficient net income that the entire CCA amounts were claimed, and therefore the amortization balances in our financial statements and our tax returns have been sustantially the same.
We do not have enough income this year to claim CCA :-( - we realize that CCA cannot be claimed if a net loss will result, and have read that CCA can be saved for future years if we haven't sufficient income to claim the entire amount of CCA that the tax class rates would allow.
We are unsure what to do with amortization if we do not claim or only claim a partial amount of CCA. (Your specific questions have been moved further down the page Judy.)
Thanks in advance for the help!
Hi Judy,
Good questions. It shows you are thinking. CCA is a complex subject. To answer your questions I think I need to talk about (1) the difference between tax reporting and financial reporting; and (2) deferred taxes. So bear with me as I lay the groundwork before I specifically answer your questions.
I want to start by saying that deferred taxes is not one of my strengths but here is my understanding of the subject. I welcome corrections by readers if I have made an error.
When dealing with taxes in general, it is important to remember there are different guidelines and objectives between tax reporting and financial reporting. I spoke briefly on not confusing the two in Unclaimed Capital Cost Allowance*.
So let’s look at a few of the differences.
Tax reporting is based on the Income Tax Act (ITA) while financial reporting is based on Canadian GAAP**.
Tax reporting’s objective is to legally minimize tax in the long term while financial reporting’s objective is a fair presentation of financial statements based on GAAP guidelines, and dependent on management objectives such as smoothing income … or maximizing/minimizing income.
Tax reporting calculates taxable income. The only reason to calculate taxable income is to determine how much income tax the company owes CRA.
Financial reporting calculates pretax accounting income. The reason to calculate pretax accounting income is to meet financial reporting standards and provide practical information for decision making by management and outside investors. It does not have any affect on the actual taxes paid by the company.
Wikipedia explains deferred taxes are reported and generally arise because of temporary differences between accounting and income tax values of assets and liabilities. These differences give rise to future income tax (FIT).
I think that timing differences on the income statement are also to be considered when determining FIT but I’m no longer sure because of the coming switch to IFRS and ASPE beginning next year**.
Deferred taxes is something I like to leave to tax accountants to calculate and report on because it requires an advanced knowledge of both tax law and accounting principles ... which means it involves the accountant making judgements on whether there is a likelihood the tax difference will be utilized in future years ... and then booking estimations where appropriate.
Question (1) Is the amount of amortization recorded in our books equal to the partial or zero amount of CCA we end up claiming on our taxes, or is it equal to the full amount that would normally apply, even though we are not claiming the CCA? (Do we still need to fully depreciate the assets on our books?)
Simple Answer - Under GAAP, you still need to record your annual depreciation amount regardless of what happened in your tax reporting …
More Detailed Answer - ... but I think you are confusing tax reporting guidelines and financial reporting guidelines with respect to CCA being in accordance with GAAP.
CCA is an accelerated method of depreciation which allows a business to defer income tax … creating a temporary difference between tax reporting of taxable income and financial reporting of pretax accounting income.
Taxes are deferred because the business is allowed to increase their expenses thereby lowering their taxable income.
Question (2) If we still have to fully depreciate the assets on our books, how do we handle the resulting difference between our books and our tax return balances, in the current year and in future years?
Simple Answer - Timing differences due to book depreciation and CCA do not require any adjusting entry for depreciation … but it does affect
More Detailed Answer - The difference in the depreciation balances affects your financial reporting income tax calculation in the current year. Future years are accounted for through a deferred tax calculation.
Normally, book depreciation does not equal the tax depreciation claims as CCA is not a GAAP method of accounting for depreciation. However it sounds like this is not the case for you because if I understood correctly, you have been using CCA as your depreciation method for your book value.
I am guessing the reason this method was chosen was to keep your accounting simple and cost effective. It is what I call hybrid accounting for the small business owner.
This is acceptable when the company is privately owned and does not have third parties interested in the financial statements. I discuss this in my sidebar chat "Do You Need GAAP/ASPE Financial Statements?".
If the financial statements are distributed outside the company ... to the bank or another creditor, it is very important to disclose your amortization/depreciation policy in the financial notes as this method is a departure from GAAP.
If this seems to fit your case, then I would continue recording just as you have in the past ... by matching whatever amount was or was not booked for CCA on your tax return ... to keep the two balances equal. This eliminates the need to book a deferred tax entry.
When doing books for small home based businesses that have no investors to report to, I usually don't account for deferred taxes. I believe this is referred to as the “no-allocation” method.
This means I disregard the effect of the timing differences and book the income tax expense as calculated on the tax return.
Because timing differences are expected between your books and your tax schedules, often times a reconciliation worksheet is prepared that tracks the timing differences between accounting net income (loss) and taxable income (loss).
Bookkeeping Entry
If you do want to book a deferred tax entry you need to calculate the tax effect of the timing difference.
First calculate book depreciation for the year. Let’s assume it is $2,000.
Now calculate your pre-tax income. Let’s assume it is a $5000 as profit is down due to the economy.
Next calculate your CCA claimed. Let’s assume $1,000 as you’ve been in business awhile.
Calculate your taxable income adjusting for the CCA timing difference. Pre-tax net income $5000 + book depreciation $2,000 - CCA claimed $1,000 = taxable income $6,000.
Let’s assume you are a CCPC with a federal tax rate of 11% . I will ignore provincial taxes for this example as it is differs for each province.
Your income tax entry on your books would be:
Debit income tax expense calculated as $5,000 x .11 = $550.
Credit income tax payable calculated as $6,000 x .11 = $660.
Debit deferred income tax calculated as the deductible temporary difference = CCA $1,000 - Book $2,000 = ($1,000) x .11 = $110.
Question (3) If we do not claim CCA (or only partial CCA) this year and possibly in future years as well, what happens in future years - is the total length of time we have CCA available for tax purposes simply lengthened, even though no further depreciation may show on our books, if we have to record full depreciation there regardless of the CCA we claim?
Answer - Your UCC balance does not have a time limit so it does not expire if not utilized like capital losses … as long as there are remaining assets in the class.
Once your assets are fully depreciated on your books, the only effect the timing difference will have is on your income tax calculation.
Question (4) Does the CRA allow us to claim both the balance of this year's unclaimed CCA plus all of next year's CCA, next year?
Answer -The amount of CCA deductible in a year is dependent on the declining balance formula. This automatically places limits on the amount that can be deducted in a tax year.
Judy, that is my understanding of how deferred taxes work. I would double check this with your own accountant. I hope my answers helped you out … and didn’t confuse you.
*The more appropriate terms are UCC = Undepreciated Capital Cost and CCA = Capital Cost Allowance.
**Effective January 1, 2011, small business will now have 2 reporting standards under Canadian GAAP from which to choose - IFRS found in Part I of the CICA Handbook ... OR ... ASPE found in Part II of the CICA Handbook.
Reference sources used in preparing this response: Wikipedia on Deferred Tax and Intermediate Accounting by Nelson, Conrad, Dyckman, Dukes and Davis
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